Lecture # 02 "Understanding Knowledge"

The chapter covers several terminologies which are as followed:
Fact is a statement that represents truth.
Procedural Rule is a rule that specifies the sequence of actions.
Heuristic is refereed as the rule of thumb based on experience.

The following differences between terminologies have been discussed:

Intelligence	Memory	Learning
Capability to obtain and relate appropriate knowledge	Ability to store and retrieve relevant experience	Skill of acquiring knowledge using the method of study

Experience is understanding that is developed through past actions	Common Sense refers to natural and usually unreflective opinions of humans
Declarative Knowledge centers on ideas about dealings among variables	Procedural Knowledge centers the ideas relating to sequences of steps or actions to desired (or undesired) results.
Tacit Knowledge Includes visions, perceptions and guesses.	Explicit Knowledge is basically knowledge that has been expressed into words and numbers
Externalization refers to the process of articulating tacit knowledge into explicit concepts.	Knowledge Conversion is basically the process in which Tacit and explicit knowledge interact and interchange into each other.
Metaphor is a figure of speech that uses one thing to mean another.	Analogy shows similarity among things that may seem different
Deductive Reasoning comprises of exact facts and conclusions	Inductive Reasoning is reasoning from a set of facts or individual cases

Cognitive Psychology is the interdisciplinary study of Human Intelligence.

Its two major components are:

Experimental Psychology                   Artificial Intelligence

Data comprises facts, observations or perceptions whereas, Information is processed data. It involves manipulated data. Knowledge is a justified true belief. Knowledge helps to produce information from data or from less valuable information to more valuable information. Data or information can modify knowledge.

The subjective view of Knowledge is that it can be viewed as an ongoing accomplishment which continuously affects and is influenced by social practices. Its 2 perspectives are:

• Knowledge as state of Individual Mind
• Knowledge as practice.          

Whereas its objective view is that it can be located in the form of an object or a capability that can be discovered. Its 3 perspectives are:

• Knowledge as objects.
• Knowledge as access to information.
• Knowledge as capability. 

The common types of knowledge are:

• Simple Knowledge
• Complex Knowledge
• Support Knowledge
• Tactical Knowledge
• Strategic Knowledge

An Expertise is the knowledge of higher quality. The types of expertise are:

• Association Expertise
• Motor Skills Expertise
• Theoretical Expertise

The expert reasoning methods includes:

• Reasoning by analogy
• Formal reasoning
• Case-based reasoning

Human Memory never runs out of space. Types of human learning are:

• Learning by experience
• Learning by example
• Learning by discovery